It also provided clothing and places to stay for freedmen and refugees, and set up schools for black children. 11 which forced all residents of the rural areas of four counties (Jackson, Cass, Bates and Vernon) south of the Missouri River on the Kansas border to leave their property, which was then burned. By November, the military situation in Missouri was stable and firmly in the Union. As the Civil War began, many leading citizens were hoping the state could remain neutral in the growing conflict. [citation needed] The Underground Railroad, a network of safe houses through which runaway slaves could find protection and refuge while heading north, was already established in the state, and slave owners were worried about the possibility of Missouri's entire western border becoming a conduit for the Underground Railroad if adjacent territories were made free states. The conflict brought violent military battles, ruthless guerrilla warfare and a complete upheaval of the state’s institutions. After all, no one expected the war to last much longer. On May 10, violence broke out when Captain Nathaniel Lyon, a firebrand, aggressive anti-Southern man, led Unionist troops against pro-Southern militiamen at Camp Jackson, near St. Louis, and compelled them to surrender. Civilians got caught up in it; whole counties were de-populated which was a bitter situation, but the state remained in the Union which was safe for Lincoln. "Missouri Railroads During the Civil War and Reconstruction. Eads is considered one of the most exceptional engineers of the 19th century. The conflict involved attacks and murders of supporters on both sides, with the Sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces and the Pottawatomie massacre led by abolitionist John Brown the most notable. The compiled service records consist of an envelope containing card … The City-class ironclads were named after river cities and towns: Lawrence O. Christensen, "Black Education in Civil War St. Louis,", William E. Parrish, "The Western Sanitary Commission,", W.S. Some, like the 1st Missouri Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, organized on September 6, 1861, fought through the entire Civil War. bibliography pp 75–81, Stith, Matthew M. "At the Heart of Total War: Guerrillas, Civilians, and the Union Response in Jasper County, Missouri, 1861–1865,", This page was last edited on 9 January 2021, at 06:41. Implementation of the truce fell prey, however, to the growing conflict. Missouri was in the Union but like Kentucky, it also remained a divided state. Striking in the southeastern portion of the state, Price moved north and attempted to capture Fort Davidson but failed. [1][2] The war in Missouri was continuous between 1861 and 1865, with battles and skirmishes in all areas of the state, from the Iowa and Illinois borders in the northeast to the Arkansas border in the southeast and southwest. In 1863, following the Lawrence Massacre in Kansas, Union General Thomas Ewing, Jr. accused farmers in rural Missouri of either instigating the massacre or supporting it. Outraged pro-Confederate Marylanders then proceeded to burn railroad bridges and cut telegraph wires leading into Washington, D.C., cutting Washington off from the rest of the North for a significant period. The ex-Confederate/Democratic resurgence also defeated efforts to empower Missouri's African-American population, and ushered in the state's version of Jim Crow legislation. St. Louis river salvage expert and engineering genius James Buchanan Eads[12] won a contract to build a fleet of shallow-draft ironclads for use on the western rivers. Next, Price sought to attack St. Louis but found it too heavily fortified and thus broke west in a parallel course with the Missouri River. Order Online Tickets Tickets See Availability Directions {{::location.tagLine.value.text}} Sponsored Topics. Be­cause Mis­souri Con­fed­er­ate troops were ef­fec­tively dri­ven out of the ge­o­graphic area of Mis­souri after the Pea Ridge Cam­paign, ex­cept dur­ing raids by Gen­er­als Mar­maduke, Shelby and Price, many of the Mis­souri units re­cruited heav­ily in Arkansas. Although guerrilla warfare occurred throughout much of the state, the most notable incidents occurred in northern Missouri and were characterized by ambushes of individuals or families in rural areas. The Missouri Secession controversy refers to the disputed status of the state of Missouri during the American Civil War.During the war, Missouri was claimed by both the Union and the Confederacy, had two competing state governments, and sent representatives to both the United States Congress and the Confederate Congress.This unusual situation, which also existed to some degree in the states of … He persuaded the legislature to call a secession convention, but most of the men elected to the convention were strong Unionists. The Maryland legislature met in April and voted to recognize the Confederate States of America as a Nation. The riverine strategy put the Confederacy on the defensive in the west for the rest of the war, and effectively ended meaningful Confederate efforts to recapture Missouri. 6th Division, Missouri State Guard - Confederate "Units of the Confederate States Army" by Joseph H. Crute, Jr. contains no history for this unit. The policy was first put forth in 1860 by outgoing Governor Robert Marcellus Stewart, who had Northern leanings. "If Price succeeded, the entire state of Missouri might fall into the hands of the Confederacy. Through the resources available on Missouri Digital Heritage, you can travel back to the first stirrings of rebellion, learn how slaves fought for their freedom, and explore how Missouri families rebuilt their communities. All rights reserved. Among the most notorious bushwhackers were William C. Quantrill's raiders, Silas M. Gordon, William "Bloody Bill" Anderson, and a young Jesse James. People who didn’t like what Lyon had done decided to support the Confederacy: amongst them was Sterling Price, a former Governor of the State, who was given command of pro-Southern troops in Missouri. "Hamilton R. Gamble, Missouri's War Governor. This violence may have had more to do with struggles for local power by group and family alliances than with war-time politics. [14], The Western Sanitary Commission was a private agency based in St. Louis and a rival of the larger U.S. Sanitary Commission. The Confederate and Arkansas troops fell back to the border, while Price led his Guardsmen into northwestern Missouri to attempt to recapture the state. Officially Missouri fought on both sides during the Civil War. Most of the slaves lived in rural areas rather than cities. One of the persons arrested was John Merriman, who appealed for his release under a writ of habeas corpus. Other cities/towns in Callaway were Bourbon (1,689); Cedar (1,639); Catesausdlsein (1,993); Liberty (1,448); and Round Prairie (955). These hopes were encompassed in the so-called Price–Harney Truce of May 21, 1861. The United States capital would be in the Confederacy if Maryland left the Union. Learn more about the Kentucky Campaign of 1862. The state of Maryland was divided between the anti-Confederacy and pro-Confederate sympathizers. The compromise was that Maine would enter the Union as a free state to balance Missouri. It was a war with no rules. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2000. "[9] On September 29, Price was forced to abandon Lexington, and he and his men moved into southwest Missouri; "...their commanders do not wish to run any risk, their policy being to make attacks only where they feel confident, through superiority of numbers, of victory. At first appearance the Camp Jackson Massacre was exactly the moment Governor Claiborne Jackson had been waiting for. The violence along the Kansas–Missouri border foreshadowed the national violence to come, and indeed continued throughout the Civil War. Union forces suffered over 1,300 casualties, including Lyon, who was fatally shot. Missouri's Confederate: Claiborne Fox Jackson and the Creation of Southern Identity in the Border West. Their opposite numbers were the Jayhawkers from Kansas, the Redlegs. Confederate Memorial State Historic Site: Confederate Memorial - See 28 traveler reviews, 14 candid photos, and great deals for Higginsville, MO, at Tripadvisor. 1st Regiment, Missouri Infantry - Confederate Mustered in at Rolla, Missouri, in August, 1861. The significance of the border states in the American Civil War was that they possessed large populations, important resources, and key geographical positions. Confederate Memorial State Historic Site: Dedicated to Confederate Veterans - See 28 traveler reviews, 14 candid photos, and great deals for Higginsville, MO, at Tripadvisor. Price made his way to the extreme western portion of the state, taking part in a series of bitter battles at the Little Blue, Independence, and Byram's Ford. ", Saeger, Andrew M. "The Kingdom Of Callaway: Callaway County, Missouri during the Civil War." Of the 299,701 responses to "Occupation", 124,989 people listed "Farmers" and 39,396 listed "Farm Laborers." St. … It declared the governorship vacant to name a Unionist governor. In 1857, the Supreme Court handed down its decision, ruling not only that slaves were not automatically made free simply by entering a free state, but more controversially that no one of African ancestry was considered a U.S. citizen and therefore that African-Americans could not initiate legal action in any court, even when they clearly had what would otherwise be a valid claim. On July 28, it appointed former Missouri Supreme Court Chief Justice Hamilton Rowan Gamble as governor of the state and agreed to comply with Lincoln's demand for troops. By early afternoon on the 20th, the rolling fortification had advanced close enough for the Southerners to take the Union works in a final rush. One of the biggest areas of concerns for Missouri slave-holders was a Federal law that decreed that if a slave physically entered a free state, he or she was free. Like Kentucky, however, it remained a divided state. Military events came to a head in Missouri on August 10 in the Battle of Wilson’s Creek, the second big battle of the Civil War. The final version of the act approved on May 14 authorized the Governor of Missouri, Claiborne Fox Jackson, to disband the old Missouri Volunteer Militia and reform it as the Missouri State Guard to resist "invasion" by the Union Army and "rebellion" (by Missourians who had enlisted in the Federal forces). In March 1862, any hopes for a new offensive in Missouri were dimmed with a decisive Union victory at the Battle of Pea Ridge just south of the border in Arkansas. A monument in a southeast Missouri city honoring the Confederate States of America may soon be coming down. The soldiers returned the fire. Jul 28, 2018 - Explore Bobby Lawrence's board "Missouri Confederate Soldiers" on Pinterest. [4] In addition to planning to seize the federal arsenal at St. Louis, Jackson conspired with senior Missouri bankers to illegally divert money from the banks to arm state troops, a measure that the Missouri General Assembly had so far refused to take.[5]. Jackson and other pro-Confederate politicians fled to the southern part of the state. The decision calmed the skirmishes between Missouri and Kansas partisans, but its publicity enraged abolitionists nationwide and contributed to the vitriolic rhetoric that led to the Civil War. Against the background of Bleeding Kansas, the case of Dred Scott, a slave who in 1846 had sued for his family's freedom in St. Louis, reached the U.S. Supreme Court. Menu & Reservations Make Reservations . During the war, thousands of black refugees poured into St. Louis, where the Freedmen's Relief Society, the Ladies Union Aid Society, the Western Sanitary Commission, and the American Missionary Association (AMA) set up schools for their children. Clayburn Jackson and the pro-South portion of the deposed legislature said that they were seceding from the Union. Commonly called the Missouri Republic Flag today, it was carried by the Missouri State Guard under the command of General Sterling Price. Missouri Unionists and secessionists organized and armed themselves in April and eyed each other warily in the state. The exhausted Confederates did not closely pursue the retreating Federals. The first major Civil War battle west of the Mississippi River took place on August 10, 1861 at Wilson's Creek, Missouri, while the largest battle west of the Mississippi River was the Battle of Westport in Kansas City in 1864. The Confederacy added the thirteenth star to their flag for Missouri. Comments Required. Salem, city, seat (1851) of Dent county, southeast-central Missouri, U.S., situated in the Ozark Mountains between the Current and Meramec rivers. On July 22, 1861, following Lyon's capture of the Missouri capital at Jefferson City, the Missouri Constitutional Convention reconvened and declared the Missouri governor's office to be vacant. By 1860, Missouri's initial southern settlers had been supplanted with a more diversified non-slave-holding population, including former northerners, particularly German and Irish immigrants. Watch it now, on The Great Courses Plus. In the election of 1860, Missouri's newly elected governor was Claiborne Fox Jackson, a career politician and an ardent supporter of the South. Missourians were outraged by the bloodshed in St. Louis and Confederate sentiment spread throughout the state. Jackson demanded that federal forces be limited to the boundaries of St. Louis, and that pro-Unionist Missouri "Home Guards" in several Missouri towns be disbanded. In fact, Missouri was the very seedbed of the Civil War. Mustered in the late spring of 1862. It sent armies, generals, and supplies to both sides, was represented with a star on both flags, maintained dual governments, and endured a bloody neighbor-against-neighbor intrastate war within the larger national war. By 2:00 p.m., Mulligan had surrendered. "Refusal to do so would bring an occupying force of federal soldiers into their counties. The property, real and personal, of all persons in the State of Missouri who shall take up arms against the United States, and who shall be directly proven to have taken active part with their enemies in the field, is declared to be confiscated to the public use; and their slaves, if any they have, are hereby declared free.[11]. As protesters call to remove Confederate statues and symbols across the nation, a new study finds that Missouri has been one of the most responsive states to their demands in recent years. St. Louis' Benton Barracks became the mustering depot for western troops, and in February 1862, Department of Missouri commander Henry Halleck approved a joint invasion of west Tennessee along the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. It also outlawed or prohibited other militia organizations except thos… This prac­tice led some Mis­souri units to be mis­la­beled as Arkansas units when Con­fed­er­ate ser­vice records were com­pil… During the American Civil War, Missouri was a hotly contested border state populated by both Union and Confederate sympathizers. The Union response in Missouri was to organize a state convention, which declared the state government to be deposed, and organized a provisional state government. After the subsequent Battle of Shiloh, the Federal Army pushed into northern Mississippi, while the Gunboat fleet moved down the Mississippi with cooperating Federal troops, systematically capturing every Confederate position north of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Jesse James, who had fought beside bushwhacker "Bloody Bill" Anderson at Centralia, attempted to excuse his murder of a resident of Gallatin during a bank robbery, saying he thought he was killing Samuel P. Cox, who had hunted down Anderson after Centralia. Small remnants of the Missouri Guard remained in the state and fought isolated battles throughout the war. On September 26, "Frémont moved west from St. Louis with an army of thirty-eight thousand. Missouri was initially settled predominantly by Southerners traveling up the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Washington was full of Southern sympathizers and remained so even after the war. read more "[17] While Jayhawker violence alienated communities that otherwise might have been loyal supporters of the Union, marauding bands of pro-secession bushwhackers sustained guerrilla violence and outright banditry, especially in Missouri's northern counties. It operated during the war to help the U.S. Army deal with sick and wounded soldiers. He achieved some early success, but he was eventually driven back, losing his life in the process. The other federal arsenal in Missouri, Liberty Arsenal, had been captured on April 20 by secessionist militias and, concerned by widespread reports that Governor Jackson intended to use the Missouri Volunteer Militia to also attack the St. Louis Arsenal and capture its 39,000 small arms, Secretary of War Simon Cameron ordered Lyon (by that time in acting command) to evacuate the majority of the munitions out of the state. Counting minor actions and skirmishes, Missouri saw more than 1,200 distinct engagements within its boundaries; only Virginia and Tennessee exceeded this total. It was reaffirmed by incoming Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson, who had Southern leanings. This led to major dissatisfaction among many politically important groups, and provided opportunities for reactionary elements in the state. However, Price was unable to repeat his victorious 1861 campaigns in the state. "[17] Pope's, Ewing's and Frémont's heavy-handed approach alienated even those civilians who were suffering at the hands of the bushwhackers. As Major General Henry Halleck wrote General John C. Frémont in September 1861, Jayhawker raider Jim Hale had to be removed from the Kansas border as "A few more such raids" would render Missouri "as unanimous against us as is Eastern Virginia. The Federal Government reinforced the Arsenal's tiny garrison with several detachments, most notably a force from the 2nd Infantry under Captain Nathaniel Lyon. Assembly in exile, passed an ordinance of secession for the … Payment. Civilians on all sides faced looting, violence and other depredations. Army troops under Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant, alongside the newly built Western Gunboat Flotilla commanded by Navy Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote, captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, unhinging the Confederate defensive perimeter in the west. These maneuvers were perceived by Lyon as an attempt to seize the arsenal. Missouri entered the Union in 1821 as a slave state following the Missouri Compromise of 1820, in which Congress agreed that slavery would be illegal in all territory north of 36°30' latitude, except Missouri. When that effort failed, many pro-South Missourians joined the Confederacy. This government was recognized by the rest of the Confederacy despite the fact that the "Act" was not endorsed by a plebiscite (as required by Missouri state law) and that Jackson's government was all but powerless inside Missouri. As a result, Missouri had two state governments: the elected government which seceded and joined the Confederate States, and the provisional government created by Unionists to remain with the United States. 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