[45], The sequencing in 2010 of the genome of the cacao tree may allow yields to be improved. The glossy shine, snap, aroma, texture, and taste of the chocolate can show the quality and if it was stored well.[79]. [5][6] International attempts to improve conditions for children were failing because of persistent poverty, absence of schools, increasing world cocoa demand, more intensive farming of cocoa, and continued exploitation of child labor. Dark chocolate contains up to 2-3 times more flavanol-rich cocoa solids than milk chocolate. The Baker Chocolate Company, which makes Baker's Chocolate, is the oldest producer of chocolate in the United States. Chocolate is a preparation of roasted and ground cacao seeds that is made in the form of a liquid, paste, or in a block, which may also be used as a flavoring ingredient in other foods. Traditionally, Africa and other developing countries received low prices for their exported commodities such as cocoa, which caused poverty to abound. [17], The Maya and Aztecs associated cacao with human sacrifice, and chocolate drinks specifically with sacrificial human blood. [119] Major chocolate producers, such as Nestlé, buy cocoa at commodities exchanges where Ivorian cocoa is mixed with other cocoa.[120]. Chocolate liqueur is a beverage made from a base liquor like whiskey or vodka (containing alcohol) to which chocolate is added. Milk chocolate is made by combining chocolate liquor, cocoa butter, sugar, flavorings, and sweetened condensed or powdered whole milk (which one is used depends on the individual manufacturer's formula and production methods). This step is crucial, as the fermentation process mellows the flavor of the beans and imparts the fruity undertones of the pulp. In particular, continuous tempering machines are used in large volume applications. Chocolate is used as an ingredient in a huge variety of bars, which typically contain various confectionary ingredients (e.g., nougat, wafers, caramel, nuts, etc.) [32][31], Cacao, pronounced by the Olmecs as kakawa,[1] dates to 1000 BC or earlier. 2011;15(10):2779-2811. children involved in the farming of cocoa, List of bean-to-bar chocolate manufacturers, Salvation Army International Development (SAID) UK, Cuestión moral: si el chocolate quebranta el ayuno eclesiástico, "Consumían olmecas chocolate hace 3000 años", "Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 1200–1521 – Obtaining Cacao", "Child labour: the true cost of chocolate production", "Falling cocoa prices threaten child labor spike in Ghana, Ivory Coast", "Earliest Evidence of Chocolate in North America", "New Chemical Analyses Take Confirmation Back 500 Years and Reveal that the Impetus for Cacao Cultivation was an Alcoholic Beverage", "Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. It is typically used in baking or other products to which sugar and other ingredients are added. Brunberg in Porvoo, Finland is one of the most famous manufacturers of chocolate confectionery.[112][113]. Yet it is a drink very much esteemed among the Indians, wherewith they feast noble men who pass through their country. In 2002, the US Food and Drug Administration established a standard for white chocolate as the "common or usual name of products made from cacao fat (i.e., cocoa butter), milk solids, nutritive carbohydrate sweeteners, and other safe and suitable ingredients, but containing no nonfat cacao solids". [14] A few years thereafter, in 1828, he created a press to remove about half the natural fat (cocoa butter or cacao butter) from chocolate liquor, which made chocolate both cheaper to produce and more consistent in quality. [7] On the Pacific coast of Chiapas, Mexico, a Mokaya archaeological site provides evidence of cacao beverages dating even earlier, to 1900 BC. Gayle: Yes! Baking soda is added to the remaining material, which is called "press cake." (A.D.) – Using Chocolate", "Chocolate: A Mesoamerican Luxury 250–900 C.E. Within about a hundred years, chocolate established a foothold throughout Europe. [20] Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés may have been the first European to encounter it, as the frothy drink was part of the after-dinner routine of Montezuma. Criollos are particularly difficult to grow, as they are vulnerable to a variety of environmental threats and produce low yields of cocoa per tree. This innovation introduced the modern era of chocolate. [1] The word "chocolate" entered the English language from Spanish in about 1600. [83] Reports from 2014 indicate that "chocolate might be a significant source" of lead ingestion for children if consumption is high (with dark chocolate containing higher amounts),[84][85] and "one 10 g cube of dark chocolate may contain as much as 20% of the daily lead oral limit. Cadbury was manufacturing boxed chocolates in England by 1868. The beans are cleaned (removing twigs, stones, and other debris), roasted, and graded. The conching machine, so-called because the original designs resembled seashells, kneads and massages the chocolate mixture for a period of time ranging from several hours to several days. You can help by eating more dark chocolate", "Agriculture in Ethiopia and Uganda: Not so fair trade", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chocolate&oldid=998707502, Articles with dead external links from May 2020, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Classical Nahuatl-language text, All articles that may contain original research, Articles that may contain original research from January 2021, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Glossy, firm, best snap, melts near body temperature (37 °C), Dark chocolate: sugar, cocoa butter, cocoa liquor, and (sometimes) vanilla, Milk chocolate: sugar, cocoa butter, cocoa liquor, milk or milk powder, and vanilla, White chocolate: sugar, cocoa butter, milk or milk powder, and vanilla.

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